Discard the familiar labels. Emmanuel Macron has broken the mould of French politics. The En Marche! leader says his second-round presidential contest with the National Front’s Marine Le Pen presents instead a choice between patriotism and nationalism. He is right. This insight should resonate well beyond France. The dividing line that now matters in rich democracies lies between patriots and nationalists.
丢掉熟悉的标签。埃马纽埃尔?马克龙(Emmanuel Macron)打破了法国政治的固有模式。这位“前进”运动(En Marche!)的领导人称，他与国民阵线(National Front)领导人马琳?勒庞(Marine Le Pen)之间的第二轮总统大选对决，等于让民众在爱国主义与民族主义之间做出一个选择。他说得没错。这个见解应能在法国以外的广大地区引起共鸣。如今，爱国主义者和民族主义者之间的分野已成为富裕民主国家内部一条意义重大的分界线。Populist insurgents across Europe have obscured the distinction. Citizens, they pretend, must choose between fealty to the nation and a wrecking globalism. The flag waving has destabilised mainstream parties of right and left. Some on the right have sought to ride the nationalist tiger. Hence British prime minister Theresa May’s unfortunate assertion that citizens of the world are citizens of nowhere. On the left, the common mistake has been to disavow any display of allegiance as xenophobia.
欧洲各地的民粹主义造反者使这一区别变得模糊。他们自称，公民必须在忠于国家与破坏性的全球主义之间做出抉择。这种有力的煽动使左翼和右翼的主流政党都发生了动摇。一些右翼人士试图骑上民族主义这只“猛虎”。因此有了英国首相特里萨?梅(Theresa May)令人遗憾的断言——世界公民是不属于任何国家的公民。在左翼，常见的错误是把任何效忠表现都斥为仇外。Mr Macron, the insider-outsider of European politics, has met the populists head on. Defying Mrs May’s binary choice, he proclaims himself an internationalist and a proud citizen of France.
拥有欧洲政治局内人加局外人双重身份的马克龙与民粹主义者正面对上。无视梅非此即彼的选择题，他宣布自己既是一名国际主义者，又是一名自豪的法国公民。
We have been here before. Surveying the forces that plunged Europe into war during the 1930s, the writer George Orwell saw the same blurring of lines. Patriotism, he wrote, is a positive emotion celebrating national institutions, traditions and values. It is open and optimistic. Nationalism is an altogether darker force, rooted at once in superiority and paranoia.
我们曾遇到过这种情况。在研究导致上世纪30年代欧洲陷入战争的因素时，作家乔治?奥威尔(George Orwell)发现了同样的模糊了的分界线。他写道，爱国主义是一种称颂国家制度、传统和价值观的积极情感，是开放的、乐观的。民族主义绝对要阴暗得多，同时根植于优越感和偏执症。Patriots have no quarrel with the choices made by others. Nationalists look for enemies, framing international relations as a zero-sum game. The thoughts of the nationalist, Orwell observed, “always turn on victories, defeats, triumphs and humiliations”.
爱国主义者对他人做出的选择并无怨言。民族主义者寻找敌人，将国际关系视为零和博弈。奥威尔指出，民族主义者的思想“总是离不开胜利、失败、成功和耻辱”。He might have been talking about today’s Europe. Nationalists across the continent have destabilised the postwar liberal order by peddling the politics of exclusion and vilification. Petty tyrants such as Hungary’s Viktor Orban exult in their illiberalism. Poland is in the grip of a nationalist party that openly repudiates the values of the EU — though it of course insists on holding on to its access to generous Brussels funding. Beppe Grillo’s anti-European Five Star Movement in Italy threatens to overturn the ancien regime in collaboration with the far-right Northern League.
他描绘的简直就是今天的欧洲。欧洲大陆各地的民族主义者通过兜售排外和中伤式的政治，扰乱了战后的自由秩序。匈牙利的欧尔班?维克托(Viktor Orban)之流的小暴君们为他们奉行的反自由主义而感到欢欣鼓舞。掌控波兰的民族主义政党公开否定欧盟的价值观——尽管它当然继续希望得到欧盟的慷慨资金援助。在意大利，贝佩?格里洛(Beppe Grillo)领导的反欧洲的五星运动(Five Star Movement)，威胁要与极右翼的北方联盟(Northern League)合作推翻旧制度。Ms Le Pen is as true as any to Orwell’s characterisation. Her brand of nationalism is pinched and tribal. Leading a party long soaked in anti-Semitism she has added Islam, Europe and globalisation to the roll of enemies. France, in this mindset, is a civilisation under siege. The appeal is to the angry and dispossessed. The supposed remedies — state control, vilification of immigrants, and protectionism — is the familiar snake oil of demagogues.
勒庞恰如奥威尔笔下刻画的人物。她的民族主义思想干瘪且狭隘。她领导的是一个长期奉行反犹主义的政党，她还把伊斯兰教、欧洲及全球化加入了敌人之列。按照这种思维模式，法国文明被围攻了。这对愤怒的群众、无产者很有吸引力。所谓的补救措施——国家控制、贬低移民和保护主义——是蛊惑民心的政客们熟练使用的万灵药。Populism has had purchase because many of the grievances it has tapped are real. Unemployment is unacceptably high, median incomes have stagnated, welfare systems are under pressure and well-heeled bankers who laid low the world economy continue to fill their boots with cash. There should be no surprise that angry voters are receptive to angry slogans. But the populists have profited also from the complacency and timidity of the old elites. Some, like Mrs May, have tacked to the right. Others have stared at their feet. Parties of the centre-left have stood by idly as their traditional supporters have deserted them in droves.
民粹主义之所以有市场，是因为被其利用的许多不满情绪都是真实的。失业率高得令人无法接受，收入中位值停止增长，福利制度承受巨大压力，而让世界经济陷入低迷的富有银行家们还在继续捞钱。愤怒的选民乐于接受愤怒的口号，这一点也不奇怪。但民粹主义者也得益于老派精英们的自满和怯懦。有些人已经倒向右翼，比如英国首相。其他人成了缩头乌龟。中左翼政党只好袖手旁观，因为他们的传统支持者已成批成批地将他们抛弃。There are many reasons why the UK voted last year to leave the EU, but the failure over many years of British politicians of any persuasion ever to state the compelling case for close co-operation with the rest of the European continent laid the ground for Brexit. The “hard” Brexit and toughening of immigration controls now proposed by Mrs May speak to a fear of open, internationalist politics. Better, in the prime minister’s mind, to risk serious damage to Britain’s security and prosperity than to stand on the wrong side of the populists of the United Kingdom Independence party.
导致英国去年公投决定退出欧盟的原因很多，但多年来哪一派英国政治家都未能阐明与欧洲大陆密切合作的有力理由，这撒下了英国退欧的种子。“硬退欧”以及梅现在提议的更加严格的移民控制，表现出对开放的国际主义政治的恐惧。在首相梅看来，即便冒着严重损害英国安全与繁荣的风险，也好于在面对英国独立党(Independence party)的民粹主义者时站在了错误的一边。Mr Macron is the first serious leader to make the patriotic case — to argue that the interests of France and the security, economic and physical, of its citizens rest on recovering a strong voice on the global stage. He is unapologetic in identifying the French economic interest with that of Europe, and of explaining that some of the biggest challenges facing the nation — terrorism and climate change among them — demand international collaboration rather than French retreat. It will seem odd to some that a leader should attract praise for laying out the simple facts of interdependence but that in itself is a measure of how far politics has fallen in the face of the populists.
马克龙是首位郑重其事地以爱国主义为理由提出以下主张的领导人——他认为法国的利益、法国公民的经济和人身安全要依靠法国在全球舞台上重拾强大的话语权。他坚定地认为法国的经济利益与欧洲的经济利益一致，法国面临的最严峻挑战——包括恐怖主义和气候变化——都需要国际合作，法国自己不能退缩。一名领导人因阐明相互依赖的简单事实而受称赞在一些人看来似乎有些奇怪，但从中可以看出，政治在民粹主义者面前沦落到了怎样的地步。
None of this is to say Mr Macron will ultimately be successful in his endeavour. If, as the polls indicate, he secures a comfortable victory over Ms Le Pen in the second-round runoff on May 7, he faces parliamentary elections in June. En Marche! is a movement rather than a party and will struggle to win large numbers of seats in the assembly.
这并不是说马克龙的努力最终一定会取得成功。如果（按民调所示）他能在5月7日的决胜轮中轻松战胜勒庞，他还将面对6月的议会选举。“前进”运动还只是一场运动，而非真正意义上的政党，很难在议会中赢得大量席位。Nor is the would-be president’s prescription of domestic reform and international engagement assured of public support: nearly half of the voters in the first round of the presidential poll back candidates of the extreme right and left.
或将成为总统的马克龙就国内改革和国际参与开出的药方也并不必然能得到公众支持：近一半的选民在总统选举首轮投票中支持极右翼和极左翼候选人。That said, Mr Macron has illuminated the only path available to supporters of liberal, open societies. Nationalism, as Europe should have learnt, is always destructive. Patriotism is the antidote.
话虽如此，马克龙为自由、开放型社会的支持者们指明了唯一一条可行的道路。民族主义始终是有破坏性的——这是欧洲早该吸取的教训。而爱国主义是一剂良药。